Last weekend Stuart visited and we played a couple of games based on events that took place during Henry VIII's 1513 invasion of France. For many of our Anglo-French clashes we have used Hall's chronicle as a (somewhat biased) source of information as it contains a wealth of detail about skirmishes that took place in the first half of the 16th century between the French and English. Some of these happened around Calais and were fought in the dunes and marshes. To help recreate these I have recently invested in a set of scenic sand dunes whilst Stuart has some new marsh terrain pieces. We thought the 1513 clash described below was the perfect event to recreate on the tabletop and put these new terrain pieces to use.
The Attack of Newnham Bridge
Whilst Henry VIII and his Army Royal were encamped beneath the walls of Thérouanne in the summer of 1513 the French forces in the area did not stand idly by. Sallies were made from within the walls of the town (http://camisado1500s.blogspot.com/2022/01/the-almaynes-on-foot-would-diverse.html) and English supply columns heading from Calais to the siege lines were ambushed (see second scenario http://camisado1500s.blogspot.com/2022/08/belahoe-1539.html). Hall's chronicle contains an account of how in early August 1513 the commander of the garrison of Boulogne decided to send a force of 1,000 men from Boulogne's garrison in a night attack on Calais after he had been informed by his spies that many of the Calais garrison were with the King at Thérouanne. At three in the morning the troops from Boulogne arrived at one of the outlying fortifications of Calais, Newnham Bridge. Newnham Bridge, or Fort Nieulay as it was known later, guarded the causeway across the marshes to the west of Calais. It was a fortified bridge that controlled sluices which could be used to flood the marshes around Calais in a matter of hours. As the French had suspected the guards at Newnham were found asleep and unprepared. They were quickly slain allowing the men of Boulogne to capture the fort's guns, lower the bridge and continue the advance on Calais:
"While the kyng lay thus before Tyrwyn, the capitayne of Bullen knowynge by hys espialles that many of the garryson of Cale'ys were with the kynge at the siege, and also that daylye vitailles were brought out of Englande to Caleys to succour the campe, imagened a greate entreprice and sent for all the men of warre under his dominion and rule, and declared to them what honour they shoulde obteyne yf they hurted or spoyled the out partes of Caleis, the kyng of Enland beyng on that syde the see. The men of warre perceivyng good courage of the capitaine, assented to his purpose, and so with all diligence they to the nomber of a. M. men in the evenyng set forward, and came to Newnam Bridge by. iii of the clock in the morning, and founde the watchmen that kept the bridge a slepe and so entred the bulwerke & slewe the watchmen, & toke the ordinaunce of the bridge & then let the bridge fall, so that al entred that would."
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| A 1602 image showing the loss of Calais in 1558. Newnham Bridge is shown to the left of the image, marked with an "N". The fort shown at the bridge was not present in 1513. The harbour is shown at the top of the image. Calais is shown surrounded by dunes with a causeway across the marsh and dunes leading to the gates. |
Boulogne's Captain kept six hundred of his men at Newnham Bridge whilst the rest advanced into the marshes around Calais intent on rustling the cattle that grazed outside the walls and plundering the provisions for the siege of Thérouanne. Some of the French soldiers reached the gates of the town itself. The Lord Deputy of Calais, Sir Gilbert Talbot, suspected a trap and ordered the gates to remain closed. If Calais fell it would mean the King's line of retreat from Thérouanne would be cut off. But whilst the garrison may have remained within the town there were Englishmen outside the walls. "Richard Hunnyng & Richard Brycks of the Caterie" or the acatry, this being the royal household office that supplied meat and fish, along with other royal officers, had been overseeing the supply of provisions for the main English army besieging Thérouanne and were encamped by the harbour. These officials organised a force about 120 men, "not past vi skore persones", comprised of bakers, coopers and sailors. Being dispersed amongst the marshes, attempting to drive the cattle back to the bridge at Newnham, the French were caught off guard when the hastily raised force of royal officers, bakers, coopers and sailors attacked. The English took no prisoners as they drove the French back to Newnham where they retook the bridge only pausing when they realised another six hundred of the French had taken up position by the bridge, the "vi. C. men for a stale at the bridge" as Hall puts it:
"The capitayn of Bulleyn kept. vi. C. men for a stale at the bridge, & sent the other into the marsshes and meadowes where the Cattell fedde, and some of the Frenshmen came to Caleys gate, & were askryed of the watch and so rang alarme: The English souldiours ran to the walles, and saw the Frenshmen without the toune walles: then thei knewe that Newnam brydge was lost, and would have issued out, but Sir Gylbert Talbott deputie there, would not suffer any gate to be opened. Now it happened that without Caleys gates were Richard Hunnyng & Richard Brycks of the Caterie, and iii or. iiii of the kynges servauntes whiche lay there to sende provisions to the hoost : which heryng of this alarme, called to them the kynges bakers, and cowpers, and a fewe shippemen, which lay in the haven, and coragiously folowed the Frenchmen. Thenglishmen were not past vi skore persones, and sett on the Frenchmen as thei were a forragyng or they might assemble together, & slew them doune right, and toke no prisoners in maner, and so thei came to Newnam brydge & toke it and put the Frenchmen backe. But or Thenglishme had thus gathered them selfes together, the Frenchmen had forraged all with in the river up to sainct Peters, and had driven away the cattell and the ordinaunce of Newnam brydge and so passed till they came where the stale lay, and ther they taried lokyng for ther company that were gone a forragyng to Caleys walles."
Around 5am, as dawn broke, Sir Gilbert Talbot ordered the gates of Calais to be opened and Sir Walter Culpepper, Under Marshall of Calais, led a force of two hundred mounted archers towards Newnham where they joined with the victorious force of English victuallers, craftsmen and sailors. Initially the six hundred Frenchmen waiting in formation thought this force was their foragers returning but on seeing the banner of St George being held aloft they realised it was the English. In the ensuing clash two dozen of the French were slain whilst 240 were captured and taken back to Calais to be ransomed. The guns of Newnham were recaptured along with the plunder the men of Boulogne had taken:
"About v of the clock in the morenyng, the gate of Caleys called Bulleyn gate, was opened, & then issuyd out one Culpiper the under marshall, with. ii C hundred archers with the banner of sainct George, and with great hast came to Newnarn bridge, where thei found the kynges servauntes and the other that had wonne the brydge, and then they all together marched toward the Frenchmen, which kepte the stale. The Frenchmen thought it had ben there awne company that had returned, till they saw the banner of sainct George, then they knewe that their company were overthrowen, and that they must nedes fight or dy. Then thenglishmen though thei were the smaller nomber, valiantly set on the Frenchmen, which with great force them defended, but at the last thei were all discomfited and. xxiiii slayne and xii skore taken prisoners and ther ordinaunce and hole booty recovered. Those prisoners were brought to Caleys, and there sold in open market"
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| A view of the table from above. Calais and its moat is in the top left corner with the gates being shown across the drawbridge. The causeway that crosses the marshes is at the top of the photo. The harbour is in the bottom left of the photo with the supplies being shown next to the tower that defends the harbour. The English will deploy around the harbour and gates of the town whilst the French will deploy on the right hand side of the photo. |
"which heryng of this alarme, called to them the kynges bakers, and cowpers, and a fewe shippemen"
The first game focused on the royal officers "Richard Hunnyng & Richard Brycks of the Caterie" leading a force of bakers, coopers and sailors in an attack on the members of Boulogne's garrison who were rustling the cattle in the dunes and marshes outside the walls of Calais. The game would end as soon as one force lost over half its points and victory would go to whichever side achieved the most victory points.
As always both of the games were played using our modified version of Lion Rampant.
As always both of the games were played using our modified version of Lion Rampant.
"the marsshes and meadowes where the Cattell fedde"
At the start of the game various livestock counters were be placed in between the two forces amidst the marshes and sand dunes (see the photo above). If they had not been picked up every turn each of the livestock counters would move 2D6 inches in a random direction. If the counter met a table edge or immoveable terrain the livestock would not move any further. No movement was deducted for terrain. If a unit moved into base to base contact with a counter the unit was considered to have picked up to counter and was now herding the livestock.
The units from both sides could pick up the counters. Once a unit had picked up a counter it could move a maximum of 6" per turn and would loose the counter if it was defeated in combat or battered. The unit could not attack or skirmish but could shoot whilst it had the counter. If a French unit reached their table edge with a counter the counter was removed from play and the victory points gained.
Units did not need to test for Wild Charge whilst they held a counter.
The sand dunes could not be moved over or shot over and were considered impassable. The marshes could be moved over at half movement rate and counted as rough terrain to fight in as well as giving cover from missile attacks.
"and some of the Frenshmen came to Caleys gate"
The French could score victory points by moving a unit into base to base contact with the gates of Calais and also by reaching the area designated as the "supplies" in the harbour (see the photo above for the locations of these.
Night Movement
To represent the dark “battered” markers were used to represent each unit, with each player writing down in secret which unit each marker was for. A unit was revealed either by an enemy unit attacking or shooting it once it was within 6” of the marker or by an enemy unit simply moving within 3” of it. If a sand dune was in between the counters/units they could not see each other even if the distance was less than 3". Retinue leaders could not apply their morale bonus until revealed and all counters could "move" activate on a 6+ and move 6” until they were revealed. If units wanted to “reveal” themselves earlier, for example if the Retinue Leader wanted to give his leadership benefit, they could do so by declaring this when they attempted to activate. Once “revealed” units did not disappear again. Declaring a challenge would reveal a unit. If a unit picked up a livestock counter, reached the gates or the supplies they will also become revealed.
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| A view of the table from the French deployment area with the hidden movement counters in place as well as the livestock counters which are placed amongst the dunes and marshes. |
Victory Points
The Victory Points in this game were awarded as follows:
The French
2 points for every livestock counter taken
3 points if they could reach the gates of Calais
3 points if the could plunder the supplies in the harbour
3 points if Richard Hunnyng was killed or routed
3 points if Richard Brycks unit was killed or routed
The English
1 point for every French unit killed or routed (other than the men at arms)
2 points for very French men at arms unit killed or routed
2 points if the French retinue leader was killed or routed
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| Calais harbour with the town shown behind it protected by a moat. |
The Armies
Stuart took control of the English for the first game and I commanded the French foragers attempting to steal the livestock from the dunes and marshes. For the English sailors we used the same rules as we do for our dismounted borderers meaning they acted as fast infantry who could shoot as well as being average at close combat.
Stuart took control of the English for the first game and I commanded the French foragers attempting to steal the livestock from the dunes and marshes. For the English sailors we used the same rules as we do for our dismounted borderers meaning they acted as fast infantry who could shoot as well as being average at close combat.
"Richard Hunnyng & Richard Brycks of the Caterie" and "the kynges bakers, and cowpers, and a fewe shippemen"
1 Unit of Foot Knights (Richard Hunnyng, retinue leader)
1 Unit of Demi Lancers (unit contains Richard Brycks)
3 Units of Shire Archers
2 Units of Shire Bill
2 Units of Sailors
The French that "came to Caleys gate"
2 Units of French Men-at-Arms ( one unit contains the retinue leader)
1 Unit of French Ordonnance Archers with bows
3 Units of French Ordonnance Archers with lances
1 Unit of Picard Pike
2 Units of Aventuriers
2 Units of Franc Archer Infantry
The captions to the photos below are the best way to follow the action but a brief description of the game also follows.
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| Under the night sky the French quickly round up some of the cattle that are grazing in the marshes. |
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| No fighting has yet taken place but sensing something is not right Richard Brycks leads a group of demilancers into the dunes to round up the livestock and bring the animals back to the safety of the town. |
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| The first clash takes place when a group of aventuriers attempt to steal some cattle but are driven off by a group of "the kynges bakers, and cowpers" armed with bows. |
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| A unit of French infantry attempt to take the same cattle but are also driven off by the English sailors and King's servants "which lay in the haven". |
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| The English outside of Calais drive much of the livestock back to the town walls. |
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| A unit of sailors is attacked by French lancers in the dunes... |
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| ...although they are taken by surprise they manage to drive the lancers off. |
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| The men in the harbour's tower peer into the night as the fighting develops in the dunes and marshes. |
One of the small herds of cows was still out in the marsh when a band of French aventuriers attempted to drive them back to the Boulogne forces waiting at the bridge. As they did so some of the "the kynges bakers, and cowpers" who had been outside the walls of Calais shot at them with their bows and the aventuriers were driven off. More French attempted to rustle the cattle but came under a hail of arrows from the bakers, coopers and sailors who had now made their way into the dunes and marshes. Brief melees took place in the sand as French light cavalry set upon the English in an attempt to rout them but the English irregular troops held their ground.
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| A view across the marshes as the French advance. |
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| Calais is now on full alert and Sir Gilbert Talbot, the Lord Deputy of Calais, has ordered that the gates remain shut. |
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| In the dunes some of the "kynges bakers, and cowpers" are charged and defeated by French lancers... |
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| ..."a fewe shippemen" succeed in driving off some of the French light cavalry before they too succumb to the French horse. |
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| Richard Hunnyng has organised the men in "the haven" into an effective defensive force. |
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| The English have gathered in most of the livestock and form a battle line... |
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| ...as the English archers trade shots with the French aventuriers and mounted archers. |
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| A group of Sailors tries to force the French back. |
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| As the French attempt to advance through the dunes they are reinforced by a band of stradiots. |
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| Beneath the moonlight the French pikemen struggle to move through the dunes and marshes |
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| The English archers are making any French advance difficult. |
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| A view of the fighting in the dunes. |
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| "a fewe shippemen...coragiously folowed the Frenchmen" |
As more of the French advanced into the dunes the fighting intensified with the French light cavalry continuing to charge the sailors and armed men from the harbour. Some of the English were routed but under the command of "Richard Hunnyng & Richard Brycks of the Caterie" they were putting up stiff resistance and refused to allow the French to push through their lines.
Taking cover in the dunes French aventuriers and archers traded shots with the English archers. A band of courageous English sailors were caught by some French men at arms from Boulogne's garrison and slain but despite this the French were unable to steal any more livestock or get to the harbour and the walls of Calais. As the first signs of dawn appeared a troop of stradiots arrived to reinforce the French foragers but would they be enough to break the stalemate that was developing?
Taking cover in the dunes French aventuriers and archers traded shots with the English archers. A band of courageous English sailors were caught by some French men at arms from Boulogne's garrison and slain but despite this the French were unable to steal any more livestock or get to the harbour and the walls of Calais. As the first signs of dawn appeared a troop of stradiots arrived to reinforce the French foragers but would they be enough to break the stalemate that was developing?
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| The courageous sailors are finally ridden down by a troop of men at arms. |
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| A stalemate has developed in the dunes. |
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| The late arriving stradiots advance on Calais. |
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| "Richard Brycks of the Caterie" drives the French men at arms back... |
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| ...before being slain in a counter attack by some French light cavalry. |
In an attempt to drive the English from the dunes and marshes the French men at arms attacked Richard Brycks and his small band of armoured horsemen from the acatry. Brycks sent the men at arms reeling back only to then be charged by a troop of French lancers who slew him in the attack. Whilst this clash of spears was taking place the stradiot reinforcements made for the gates of Calais, knowing it would infuriate the troops within the walls if they could ride right up and knock on the gates. The Balkan mercenaries were unsuccessful in this as their path was blocked with billmen whilst English archers sent a hail of arrows to drive the stradiots off.
With Richard Brycks slain the captain of the French foraging party challenged Richard Hunnyng to a personal combat and the two men dueled in the dunes. He may have been a royal official rather than professional soldier but Hunnyngs brought much honour to the English by defeating and killing the French captain. With that the foragers retreated back to Newnham Bridge with the sailors, coopers and bakers in pursuit. The French had only succeeded in stealing a small amount of cattle and killing one of the officers of the acatry whilst the English had killed the French Captain, had driven most of the livestock to the safety of the harbour and had prevented the French from getting anywhere near the walls of Calais itself.
With Richard Brycks slain the captain of the French foraging party challenged Richard Hunnyng to a personal combat and the two men dueled in the dunes. He may have been a royal official rather than professional soldier but Hunnyngs brought much honour to the English by defeating and killing the French captain. With that the foragers retreated back to Newnham Bridge with the sailors, coopers and bakers in pursuit. The French had only succeeded in stealing a small amount of cattle and killing one of the officers of the acatry whilst the English had killed the French Captain, had driven most of the livestock to the safety of the harbour and had prevented the French from getting anywhere near the walls of Calais itself.
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| The stradiot reinforcements are attempting to insult the English by riding up to the gates of Calais... |
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| ...but before they can do this the French captain engages in a one on one fight with Richard Hunnyng. Hunnyng kills the Frechman and the French foragers are forced to retreat having only succeeded in taking a number of cattle. |
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| "About v of the clock in the morenyng, the gate of Caleys called Bulleyn gate, was opened, & then issuyd out one Culpiper the under marshal!, with. ii C hundred archers with the banner of sainct George, and with great hast came to Newnarn bridge, where thei found the kynges servauntes and the other that had wonne the brydge, and then they all together marched toward the Frenchmen" |
"Then thenglishmen though thei were the smaller nomber, valiantly set on the Frenchmen, which with great force them defended"
For our second game we focused on the combined force of "kynges bakers, and cowpers, and a fewe shippemen" joining with the two hundred mounted archers of the Calais Garrison under Sir Walter Culpepper, Under Marshall of Calais, to attack "the Frenchmen, which kepte the stale". The English were considered to have retaken Newnham Bridge and were positioned in front of it ready to advance on the French (see the photos below). The English could be deployed 12" from Newnham Bridge but had to be at least 24" away from the French position. The French were positioned at one end of the table, 12" from the table edge and had to travel across the dunes and marshes to the opposite table edge in order to attempt to escape. For the marshes and dunes the same rules as the first scenario applied.
"and ther ordinaunce and hole booty recovered"
The French carried six counters to represent the guns, booty and livestock taken. These six counters were represented by two guns, two wagons and two livestock counters. The same rules for the counters applied as in the first game with the livestock units moving randomly 2D6 inches if they were not held by anyone. The gun and wagon counters could not be taken through the marshes.
The French had to attempt to take all of the counters to the other table edge whilst the English had to take as many counters as possible back over Newnham Bridge. The game ended if all of the counters had either been taken to the bridge or the opposing table edge. Once a French unit took a counter to the correct table edge the counter was removed but the unit could remain in play. Similarly an English unit just needed to take the counter to the start of the bridge and the counter was then removed and the unit could remain in play. As you will see getting the counters to safety turned out to be a bit an irrelevance in this game!
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| A view of the table from above. Newnham Bridge is shown at the bottom centre of the photo with the English deployed across it. The French are shown on the left hand side of the photo. The French have to take the cattle, wagons and captured guns across the table to the righthand side to win the game whilst the English have to bring the cattle, wagons and guns back to the bridge to achieve victory. |
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| The English have recaptured Newnham Bridge and are ready to engage "the Frenchmen, which kepte the stale". |
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| As the English retake the bridge the bodies of the guards who were caught sleeping can be seen in the bottom right. |
Victory Points
The Victory Points in this game were awarded as follows:
The Victory Points in this game were awarded as follows:
The French
2 points for every livestock counter taken to their table edge
3 points for every wagon counter taken to their table edge
4 points for every gun counter taken to their table edge
4 points if Sir Walter Culpepper, Under Marshall of Calais, was killed or routed
The English
2 points for every livestock counter taken back to Newnham Bridge
3 points for every wagon counter taken back to Newnham Bridge
4 points for every gun counter taken back to Newnham Bridge
4 points if the "the capitayne of Bullen" was killed or routed
The Armies
For this game we swapped sides so Stuart now took control of the French whilst I took command of the English.
For this game we swapped sides so Stuart now took control of the French whilst I took command of the English.
The Calais Garrison under Sir Walter Culpepper
1 Unit of Kings Spears (Sir Walter Culpepper, Under Marshall of Calais, retinue leader)
2 Units of Demilancers
2 Units of Mounted Archers
2 Units of Shire Bill
2 Units of Shire Archers
2 Units of Sailors
The Boulogne Garrison
3 Units of Gendarmes (1 contains "the capitayne of Bullen", retinue leader)
2 Units of French men at arms
1 Unit French Ordonnance Archers with bows
2 Units of French Ordonnance Archers with lances
2 Units of Aventuriers
1 Unit of Picard Pike
1 Unit of Franc Archer Bowmen
A very brief description of this games follows, as you will see it turned out to be a very one sided affair!
A very brief description of this games follows, as you will see it turned out to be a very one sided affair!
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| As the English cross the bridge French men at arms who were kept back "for a stale at the bridge" immediately set upon them. |
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| The French men at arms are joined by gendarmes from Boulogne's garrison... |
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| ...and the French heavy cavalry succeed in scattering the "the kynges bakers, and cowpers, and a fewe shippemen" who had chased the French foragers back to the bridge. |
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| The English are unable to react as the French heavy cavalry charge even deeper into their ranks... |
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| ...a fierce melee develops around Newnham Bridge... |
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| ...and many of the English are slain in the fight. |
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| Sir Walter Culpepper, Under Marshall of Calais, charges into the fray and finally drives off the attacking gendarmes. |
A the English force of "kynges bakers, and cowpers, and a fewe shippemen" and "one Culpiper the under marshall, with. ii C hundred archers with the banner of sainct George" crossed Newnham Bridge and prepared to engage the six hundred troops from Boulogne's garrison "which kepte the stale" the "capitayn of Bulleyn" sent half of his men at arms and gendarmes on the attack. The French heavy cavalry thundered into the bakers, coopers and sailors who were scattered by the charge. The ferocity of the French assault was such that the gendarmes and men at arms of Boulgne then crashed into the English cavalry. As the English were forced back it was only the intervention of Sir Walter Culpepper, the Under Marshall of Calais, that prevented a complete rout.
Seeing the key role Culpepper had played in steadying the English the "capitayn of Bulleyn" then advanced towards the bridge and engaged the Under Marshall of Calais in personal combat. As Sir Walter Culpepper was defeated and unhorsed some of his retinue attempted to drive away the French but the Captain of Boulogne's men were too strong and the English fled. Whilst the main fight had taken place in front of Newnham Bridge some of the mounted archers from Calais had managed to steal a herd of cattle back off the French but these men were soon routed as the English force crumbled. Whilst the English had defeated the foragers in the initial attack outside the walls of Calais once across the bridge the Boulogne Garrison had won a complete victory and were able to take the cattle, carts and guns back to Boulogne knowing they had defeated the force sent to pursue them.
Seeing the key role Culpepper had played in steadying the English the "capitayn of Bulleyn" then advanced towards the bridge and engaged the Under Marshall of Calais in personal combat. As Sir Walter Culpepper was defeated and unhorsed some of his retinue attempted to drive away the French but the Captain of Boulogne's men were too strong and the English fled. Whilst the main fight had taken place in front of Newnham Bridge some of the mounted archers from Calais had managed to steal a herd of cattle back off the French but these men were soon routed as the English force crumbled. Whilst the English had defeated the foragers in the initial attack outside the walls of Calais once across the bridge the Boulogne Garrison had won a complete victory and were able to take the cattle, carts and guns back to Boulogne knowing they had defeated the force sent to pursue them.
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| Sir Walter Culpepper then engages in a personal combat with "The capitayn of Bulleyn" in which Culpepper is unhorsed and defeated. |
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| At the same time some of the "ii C hundred archers with the banner of sainct George" who rode out of the gates of Calais attempt to bring some of the stolen cattle back to the town. |
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| "The capitayn of Bulleyn" drives off the English men at arms and demilancers. |
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| The mounted archers flee back across the bridge abandoning the cattle. The English attempt to retrieve their stolen cattle, carts and guns has ended in a total victory for the French garrison of Boulogne! |
I may have suffered two defeats in these games, one being close with the other being a total defeat, but they were a lot of fun. It was great being able to recreate the dunes and marshes of the Calais Pale and this will definitely be a location we revisit for our games. In the first game the dunes added a new element to the skirmishing as units could hide behind them and then charge out and launch attacks. In the second game they didn't really play a part as Stuart launched an unbelievably successful heavy cavalry charge on my forces that pretty much won the game in the first few turns!
It is the middle of the reenactment season at the moment and I have already taken part in reenactments of the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. Stuart paid a visit to Tewkesbury, which happened during a heat wave, and I have included a photo of the two of us from the event. It makes a change from having a photo of us in a pub or kebab shop!
It is the middle of the reenactment season at the moment and I have already taken part in reenactments of the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. Stuart paid a visit to Tewkesbury, which happened during a heat wave, and I have included a photo of the two of us from the event. It makes a change from having a photo of us in a pub or kebab shop!
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| The two captains enjoying the sun at Tewkesbury Medieval Festival! |
