"entendyn to bryng gunnepouder and other necessaries to the toune of Moutdedier", the Siege of Montdidier and Suffolk's 1523 French campaign

It's been two gaming weekends in a row here with Stuart visiting this weekend. Having focused on the Scots a lot in our recent games we decided to play two scenarios following on from our "Assault on Bray" games of 2019, 

http://camisado1500s.blogspot.com/2019/12/the-assault-on-bray-1523.html. We wanted to get Stuart's French and English armies on the tabletop and include his newly painted unit of landsknecht, https://stuartsworkbench.blogspot.com/2023/05/landsknecht-pike.html.

The Siege of Montdidier

The Summer of 1523 had seen Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, land at Calais with an English army of around 9,000 men. Here they were joined in September by Imperial Allies under Floris van Egmont, the Count of Buren, in command of 500 Burgundian horse and 3,000 landsknecht. With the main French force occupied in the south the Anglo-Imperial force marched into France storming Bray, https://camisado1500s.blogspot.com/2019/12/the-assault-on-bray-1523.html, and forcing Roye to surrender. The highlight of the campaign for the English was the surrender of the French town of Montdidier. Following a bombardment by the English guns Montdidier's captain made terms on the 28 October, his garrison of 2,000 departing from the town. Prior to this surrender local French forces attempted to relieve the town as described in Hall's Chronicle:

"The lorde Pountdormy, or Pountreny hearyng Mountdedyer was besieged, called to him divers great lordes & capitaines to the nomber of. v. C. menne of armes and dimy launces, and a great nomber of fotemen, entendyn to bryng gunnepouder and other necessaries to the toune of Moutdedier, & as they were  thither  comyng  by  night,  Thomas  Palmer,  capitin  of  the  skout  watche  of  thenglishe  army them askried and skyrmished with them although they wer more in nomber: manfully fought the Frenchemen, but for all that they were compelled to flee backe and then Englishemen them folowed and slewe divers, and two speres were broken on the brother of lorde Pountdorny,  but by the swyftnes of his horse he saved himselfe, and in this chase were C. prisoners taken whiche muche rejoysed the Englishmen."

Whether it was as large a skirmish as Hall describes is hard to tell. The Welsh soldier Ellis Gruffyd, in his account of the campaign, simply states "they came to Montdidier near which the English horsemen took some of the French horsemen prisoner". A further anonymous account from a journal of the campaign states that "upon Saynt Symond Daye and Jude Eve, before the ost ther was takyn l. men of armes, l. demylawnces and l. pages comyng to the towne with gonne powder, and ther was not one of them that eskaped, but the captayne, and yet he had ii. staves broken upon hym, but his horse was so good that he bare hym clere away".

Following the surrender of Montdidier the situation deteriorated for Suffolk and his Anglo-Imperial army. The main French war effort had been focused on the Duke of Bourbon who had betrayed his king, Francis I, and allied with Charles V. Bourbon's landsknecht had been defeated by Claude de Lorraine, Duke of Guise, and the treacherous Bourbon had been forced to withdraw.  Learning of this Suffolk understood that he could not continue to campaign into the winter with the forces at his disposal. On the retreat Suffolk conducted raids into Santerre and Vermandois capturing Nesle and Bohain. Elis Gruffydd describes an event outside the gates of Saint-Quentin which occurred during the retreat:

"The host stayed in and around this place (Cateau Cambresis) and the next morning they marched towards the town of Saint Quentin which belongs to France, from which a certain number of men in harness emerged to skirmish with the Englishmen. The latter in order to begin the play rode along the wall of the city and past the bailies of the gate in order to entice them out to the field away from the town so that some of the English and Burgundian horsemen who were waiting in ambush to see what the French soldiers would do, whether come out of the town or not, could take them in the flank as they were coming past the town. This they would have done if there had been enough time for as soon as the horsemen of the rearward heard that some of the horsemen from the town had come out to skirmish and that the English archers were not able to stand against them they ran backwards fast which the French espied, and since they had not come far enough from the fortress  for the Burgundians to break from their ambush and strike at them the plans of the Burgundians failed for which they blamed the Englishmen."

Henry VIII flew into a fury over Suffolk's withdrawal and ordered him to remain in the field. With the weather already becoming bitterly cold the army had begun to disband with troops seeking passage back to England via Antwerp, Nieuwpoort and Sluis. By December Suffolk had reached Calais from where he returned to England to face Henry's wrath. Luckily he was a favourite of Henry's as well as his brother-in-law and as such survived the debacle. He would be one of the principle commanders when Henry himself returned to France in the 1544 campaign.

The table set up - The walls of Montdidier are in the background with Thomas Palmer and the "skout watche of thenglishe army" in the centre of the table. In the foreground is the Lord of Pont-Remy and the French relief force. 

Captain Thomas Palmer and the scout watch hear the French relief force heading towards Montdidier in the night.

We played two scenarios based on the events described in the accounts above. As always both games were played using our Renaissance Rampant rules. Stuart took command of the English in both with myself captaining the French.

"entendyn to bryng gunnepouder and other necessaries to the toune of Moutdedier"

Our first scenario represented  the Lord of Pont-Remy's attempted relief of Montdidier and was played longways along the table with the French starting at one end and attempting to reach the ditch of Montdidier with the "gunnepouder  and  other  necessaries". The English aim was to stop them.

Deployment

The French force deployed up to 6" from their table edge whilst Captain Thomas Palmer and his "skout  watche" deployed in the centre of the table (see the full table photo above). The French took the first turn.

The turn after the first missile or combat clash between the French and the Scouts the rest of the English force could attempt to arrive from the English half of the table (this was from the ditch up to the middle of the table where the Scouts were initially deployed) however once the English player had decided a unit was arriving the side of the table they arrived from was randomly rolled for. This was to represent the chaos of more troops arriving from the English camp during the night attack.

The remainder of the English force could only enter the table via a move activation and could not shoot, attack or skirmish when first arriving.

Night Rules

As this attack took place at night the following rules applied.

All missile attack ranges were halved - modifiers applied at normal range however.

The range for adding the Retinue Leader's +1 modifier to morale checks was halved to 6".

Wild Charge distances were halved - although units could still charge their normal full move if they wished to.

Victory Conditions

Victory was based on victory points these being awarded as follows:

The Lord of Pont-Remy's French relief force

2 Points for every unit that reached the ditch

1 Point for every unit that subsequently exited the table - from any side - once it had reached the ditch

3 Points if Captain Thomas Palmer was killed or routed

1 Point for every English unit killed or routed

Captain Thomas Palmer's "skout watche"  

1 point for every French unit killed or routed

3 points it no French units reached the ditch

3 points if the Lord of Pont-Remy was killed or routed

2 points if the Lord of Pont-Remy's brother was killed or routed

The Forces

The Lord of Pont-Remy's French relief force

1 Unit of Gendarmes (The Lord of Pont-Remy Retinue Leader)

1 Unit of Gendarmes (The Lord of Pont-Remy's brother, another member of the de Crequy family)

2 Units of Men at Arms

1 Unit of Ordonnance Archers Lance

1 Unit of Ordonnance Archers Bow

1 Unit of Franc Archer Foot 

1 Unit of Picard Pike 

1 Unit of Aventuriers

Captain Thomas Palmer's "skout watche"  

The Scout force that started on the table:

1 Unit of Demi-lancers (Captain Thomas Palmer Retinue Leader) 

2 Units of Mounted Archers

The English forces that could join after contact was made:

1 Unit of Landsknecht 

1 Unit of Landsknecht Arquebusiers 

1 Unit of Kings Spears 

1 Unit of Shire Longbowmen 

1 Unit of Border Horse 

1 Unit of Demi-lancers 

A brief description of the action follows and the photo captions are a good way to follow the game.

In the darkness the English mounted archers from the scout watch dismount, listening for any movement.

Sensing danger in the dark Captain Thomas Palmer charges ahead and drives off a force of French mounted archers... 

...only to then be caught himself by a force of Gendarmes under the Lord of Pont-Remy's brother. Palmer is slain.

Pont-Remy's brother is then attacked by a force of border horse who have heard the disturbance from the English camp and ridden to the aid of the scout watch.

More demi-lancers arrive from the English camp and Pont-Remy's brother is killed in the cavalry battle.

A view down the field as more English and Imperial units arrive and attempt to stop the French from reaching the walls of Montdidier.

Hearing sounds in the darkness Captain Thomas Palmer and his men rode to investigate. The mounted  archers flanked their captain, holding slightly back, whilst Palmer and his demi-lancers advanced into the night. Discovering a unit of mounted French archers Palmer charged his demi-lancers into them, driving them back, only for Palmer himself to be charged by one of the de Crequy family leading a force of gendarmes. His scouts had unwittingly advanced into an oncoming French relief force and the unfortunate Palmer was slain.

The noise caused by the fighting roused the English encamped before Montdidier. English and landsknecht troops headed towards the shouts and cries in the dark. Flushed with success the Lord of Pont-Remy's brother led his men onwards towards the walls where he was caught off guard by some  border horse and another unit of demi-lancers arriving to support the scout watch. Pont-Remy's brother was unhorsed and killed by the English.

The main part of the French relief force under the Lord of Pont-Remy, a member of the de Crequy family, are yet to engage...

...but a fight develops in the dark as the English and Imperialists block the path of the oncoming relief column.

A force of Stradiots has joined the French as reinforcements. They combine with the French heavy cavalry to drive off some of the Count of Buren's landsknecht.

Pont-Remy has "staves broken upon hym" as he clashes with English knights but he manages to push through them...

More English and Imperialist units arrived in front of the French relief force and a melee began with landsknecht pike and shot attempting to force the attackers back. The French routed the landsknecht whilst Pont-Remy himself took on a group of English knights who had ridden into the fray. His gendarmes pushed through them allowing his less heavily armed men at arms and lancers to reach the town ditch. Here the French dropped off gunpowder and other supplies for Montdidier's garrison before disappearing into the night, their mission accomplished.

It was not such an easy escape for all of the French. Keen to seek revenge for the death of their captain the mounted archers of the scout watched tracked Pont-Remy and captured him before he could make good his getaway. The French relief column had been followed by a unit of local militia infantry. Being abandoned by their cavalry these troops were also caught by the vengeful English archers and killed as they tried to flee.

...some of the relief force reach the ditch of Montdidier and are able to drop off the "gunnepouder and other necessaries"  they were carrying to supply Montdidier's garrison.

The Lord of Pont-Remy is not safe yet...

..he is pursued by some of the English archers who capture him before he can escape.

The French horse have all ridden off after bringing supplies to the town. A force of local French levies has been left behind and is picked off by some of the English archers. The French have provided succour to Montdidier but it has not been without cost.

The walls of Saint-Quentin with a Burgundian and English ambushing force waiting close to the town gate. The gate is visible in the top right of the photo whilst the English attempting to lure the garrison out will arrive from the table edge at the top of the photo.

"in order to begin the play" the attempted ambush outside Saint-Quentin

We based our second game on Elis Gruffydd's account, quoted above, of the English and Burgundian attempt to lure the horsemen from Saint-Quentin and ambush them. This game was played along the walls of Saint-Quentin. A force of  mounted English would attempt to draw the French garrison out of the town gate and into battle.

The walls of St Quentin with a gateway were set up along one long table edge. The only figures to start on the table were the ambushing force (see the photo above).

The English force attempting to tempt out the French would arrive from the other side of the table (the top of the photo above). The game started with them entering the table from this deployment area. They could enter via a move activation and could not shoot, attack or skirmish when first arriving.

Once at least one unit of this English force had entered the French could deploy from the gate. They could enter via a move activation and could not shoot, attack or skirmish when first arriving.

The English player could decide when to spring the ambushing force by activating one of the ambushing units. Once this was done the French player could gain victory points by re-entering the gates. If a French unit got close enough to the ambushing force to shoot at or attack it then the ambush was to have been considered spotted and thus sprung as well.

The French forces could only attempt to go back through the gate once the ambushing force had launched.

Victory Conditions 

As with our first scenario this was based on victory points awarded as follows:

The French

2 Points for every unit of the English force attempting to tempt them out that was killed or routed. They got no points for killing units in the ambushing force

2 Points if the English Retinue Leader was killed or routed

1 Point for every unit that was out of the gate when the ambush was sprung that got back through the gate once the ambushing force was launched or spotted

The English

3 Points for every unit from the force attempting to tempt the French out that managed to move into base to base contact with the city gate

1 Point for every French unit killed or routed

The Forces

The English

The force riding along the walls:

1 Unit of Kings Spears (Retinue Leader)

1 Unit of Demi-lancers

1 Unit of Border Horse

2 Units of Mounted Archers

The Ambushing Force:

2 Units of Burgundian Men At Arms 

1 Unit of Demi-lancers

1 Unit of Border Horse 

1 Unit of Shire Archers 

1 Unit of Landsknecht Pike 

The Defenders of Saint-Quentin

2 Units of Gendarmes (One unit is the Retinue Leader) 

2 Units of Men at Arms 

2 Units of Ordonnance Archers Lance

1 Unit of Ordonnance Archers Bow

2 Units of Mounted Crossbowmen

1 Unit of Aventuriers

1 Unit of Picard Pike

Seeing a small force of English horse riding along the walls troops from the garrison of Saint-Quentin leave the safety of the town to attack the Englishmen.

The small English cavalry force riding "along the wall of the city and past the bailies of the gate in order to entice them out to the field" .

English border horse skirmish with French men at arms.

English mounted archers prepare to dismount to support the border horse and mounted knights. 

The English border horse are defeated by much heavier armoured French gendarmes.

Spotting a small band of English cavalry riding along their walls, calling for them to come out and fight, the garrison of Saint-Quentin armed themselves and opened their gates. They issued out of the town and immediately began skirmishing with the English, pushing back their border horse and charging into the demi-lancers. The small English force was shocked by the fury of the garrison's attack and attempted to escape by riding back along the walls.

As the garrison's cavalry gave chase the English waiting in ambush saw their chance and emerged from hiding to cut off the French. The Burgundian heavy horse also lying in wait were more cautious and remained stationary. They would see how things went for their English allies before committing to the attack. 

Demi-lancers and men at arms clash outside the walls of Saint-Quentin.

The mounted archers shoot into the French cavalry from the cover of a hedgerow.

The English knights who had ridden along the walls "in order to begin the play" are driven back by the garrison's heavy cavalry... 

...and defeated outside the walls of Saint-Quentin.

Seeing the garrison distracted the English spring the ambush with demi-lancers and border horse charging the gate.

The French infantry withdraw back inside the town but the garrison's horse are all still outside the gate...

...seeing this the demi-lancers and border horse race to the gate to prevent a French retreat to safety.

A view of the table as the ambush is sprung.

The Burgundians are yet to act - they want to see how the English do before committing to the fight.

The garrison captain looks on in dismay as much of his cavalry are caught outside the walls.

A force of mounted crossbowmen are defeated as they try to get back through the town gate.

Sensing that the heaviest fighting is over the Burgundian heavy horse commit to the ambush and emerge from behind the trees.

The gate is blocked by English demi-lancers.

A series of cavalry clashes take place outside the gate.

As the English ambushers bore down on them the pike armed infantry who had emerged from Saint-Quentin marched back inside seeking the safety of the town's walls. The town's cavalry were much further from the gate and could not get back inside the walls in time. Yes they had scattered the English horsemen who had initially taunted them, as they jeered and rode along the walls, but it was now the garrison's turn to panic.

The ambushing English demi-lancers and border horse reached the gate before the returning French cavalry. Seeing this the Burgundian heavy cavalry also sprung into action and charged into the panicked French horsemen. In a series of chaotic cavalry melee's Saint-Quentin's cavalry suffered a heavy defeat. The English had lost some of their cavalry but the ambush had worked and the town's garrison was dealt a severe blow.

The panicked French cavalry are trapped outside the walls and outnumbered.

Even the Burgundian heavy cavalry have joined the fray.

The Burgundians ride down the remaining French forces.

The ambush has been a mixed success. The small English force that rode along the walls has been broken but most of the garrison's horsemen have been lured out of the town only to suffer defeat at the hands of the English and Burgundian cavalry lying in wait.

 These were two fast paced and action packed games with the cavalry style skirmishes being very different from the infantry battles and assaults that we have played recently. The night rules in the first game really changed the nature of that clash as well. It was a spectacular sight to see Stuart's French and English back in action on the table top and we did have a classic wargaming moment when his newly painted landsknecht completely routed after their first round of combat in our Montdidier game. The curse of new units still lives on!

As is always the case these games have given us lots of inspiration for future games and I think we will revisit this 1523 campaign for our next clash, focusing on what happened to Bourbon's ill fated landsknecht army that was meant to be linking up with Suffolk in 1523.

The storming of Stuhlweißenburg, 1490

This weekend my friend Tom visited for a wargame and despite the "orchard disaster" I encountered in our game in February, http://camisado1500s.blogspot.com/2023/02/the-siege-of-modon-1500.html, we decided to try another storming a city based scenario. It was a chance to try out some different rules for siege style games and as Tom volunteered to play the attacking army it meant I could have a go playing as the defender.

Always one to put a positive spin on things Maximilian I included the sacking of Stuhlweißenburg as an event to be commemorated on his Triumphal Arch of 1515.  The dress of the landsknecht reflects the 1510s and not how they would have looked in 1490.

The storming of Stuhlweißenburg

The Hungarian King, Matthias Corvinus, famously the leader of the Hungarian "Black Army", died in Vienna on 6 April 1490. He had taken the city on 1 June 1485, entering in triumph at the head of 8,000 of his veteran troops after campaigning successfully against the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick III. Corvinus's death less than 5 years after his victory led to fighting in Hungary between the forces of his illegitimate son, John Corvinus, and King Vladislaus of Bohemia, both men seeking the throne. Frederick III's son , Maximilian I, proclaimed "King of the Romans" by his father in 1486, saw an opportunity caused by the instability in Hungary. In July of 1490 he began a campaign to reclaim the lands his father had lost to the Hungarians. Maximilian recaptured fortresses and towns through a series of sieges and entered Vienna in August. 

With his own ambitions to become king of Hungary Maximilian managed to raise the finances to recruit a mercenary army of cavalry and landsknecht, the latter still being very new arrivals on the battlefields of Europe in 1490. He would lead these men into Hungary. His forces also included the more established Swiss reisläufer. At this date the hatred between the two forces had yet to develop. A later chronicler from St. Gallen would recount "in this campaign , there were many confederates (ie the Swiss) and also some from our town of St. Gallen with the landsknechts". 

At the head of 18,000-20,000 men Maximilian advanced into Hungary, his men taking Szombathely on 17 October. There were already grumblings over pay within the ranks of the mercenary army as well as complaints over the cold weather. In response to this Maximilian and some of the accompanying German nobility vouched to cover any arrears in pay. Satisfied for now the army marched on with Veszprém falling on 8 November where the German forces waited for 5 or 6 days, possibly due to more discipline issues within the ranks. The Hungarian diet had elected King Vladislaus of Bohemia as king and his generals Stefan Báthori and Kinizsi Pál retreated towards Buda leaving only 500 men to defend the ancient capital of Hungary, Székesfehérvár or Stuhlweißenburg in German. Reports reached Maximilian that it was poorly defended and the prospect of looting the prestigious city encouraged his men to march on. 

Székesfehérvár, known colloquially as Fehérvár or the "White Castle", was a walled city surrounded by swampland. Some of the suburbs had been burnt in an attempt to prevent the attacking army using them as cover for a siege. On 17 November 1490 Maximilian's army advanced and fighting began in the suburbs. The attack gained momentum with more of the Habsburg forces being committed to the assault. Artillery was fired at the city gates and the walls were scaled by the mercenary troops. Székesfehérvár fell to a chaotic assault with the Habsburg soldiers slaughtering the citizens and looting the city. The ancient capital was sacked and Matthias Corvinus's tomb was not spared in the chaos.

Maximilian entered the city the following day. With his ill disciplined troops continuing to complain about pay and the cold weather Maximilian could not persuade them to march on Buda and he left Székesfehérvár in December. Its German garrison held onto the important Hungarian city until July 1491 when it surrendered to King Vladislaus. The war was concluded by a peace treaty at Pressburg in 1491. King Vladislaus surrendered his claim to Lower Austria and agreed that Maximilian would succeed to the Hungarian crown if Vladislaus left no male heir. Whilst Vladislaus did have a male heir his son, the ill fated Louis II, would fall at Mohács in 1526. This meant the Habsburgs eventually got their hands on the Hungarian throne in line with a treaty made in 1515 at the Congress of Vienna, though this was not without further conflict (see http://camisado1500s.blogspot.com/2021/08/tarcal-1527.html).

The table at the start of the game. Maximilian's forces have arrived outside the gates of Stuhlweißenburg. 

A view from above the table showing the key locations of the scenario. The two churches are the objectives of Maximilian's army whilst the "King of the Romans" himself is in the bottom left of the image. The main gate and sally port, which the Hungarian forces can move through, are shown along the walls.

Scenario

In this game we attempted to refight the storming of Stuhlweißenburg. The city walls were set up across the table with some of the city being represented within the walls.

Objectives

Within the walls of the city were two churches (see the photo above). Maximilian's forces would win the game if they could "loot" the two churches. In order to "loot" a church an infantry unit in Maximilian's army had to move into base to base contact with the church. On the following turn a successful move activation would mean they had looted the church.

The Hungarian defenders would win if they could kill or rout Maximilian himself. 

If both players achieved these objectives in the same turn then the game would be a draw.

The City Walls

The Hungarians could move through the walls via the main gates or the sally port (see the photo above). Each took a half move for a unit to move through using a move activation. If any enemy unit was within 2" of the gates or sally port then a Hungarian unit could attack through the gate/sally port.

Maximilian's forces could attempt to blow the main gates down. In order to do this they had to fire a culverin at the gates from no further than 12" away. If they succeeded then the main gates were considered destroyed and the Maximilian player could move cavalry and infantry through them in the same way as the Hungarians.

Hungarian units attempting to "block" the gates could be attacked. This was done by the German unit moving into contact with the gateway and pushing back the Hungarian unit if it lost the combat. This would mean the attacking German unit could then move through the gate as a follow up.

Maximilian's infantry units could also scale the walls. They couldn't cross at the towers, only the walls. They could do this by moving into contact with them. On the following turn a successful attack activation would mean the unit could cross to other side but they had to roll a D6. On a 1-2 the unit took D6 casualties in crossing. On a 3-4 D3 casualties in crossing and on a 5-6 no casualties. A morale test was not be required if casualties were taken in scaling the walls. The thoughts of plunder once in the city had temporarily made the scaling unit fearless!

Deployment

Maximilian's forces deployed within 6" of the suburbs table edge whilst the Hungarians could deploy up to the walls and also outside them (with their bases in contact with the walls or towers).

Maximilian had to start on the table whilst the Hungarians had to deploy at least two Cavalry units outside the walls.

Both sides could choose up to 6 units to start off the table. These could then join the game via a move activation from their side of the table edge.

The main gate of the city is defended by units of pavisiers and handgunners.

Maximilian I is surrounded bv a bodyguard of men at arms and mounted crossbowmen. They are opposed by a force of Hungarian cavalry deployed outside the walls.

Much of the city's garrison is still within the walls.

The Armies

We played the game using our adapted version of Lion Rampant, "Renaissance Rampant" with Tom taking control of Maximilian and his mercenary army whilst I commanded the Hungarian garrison of Stuhlweißenburg or Székesfehérvár. Each army was comprised of two retinues that acted independently. Using the deployment rules above Tom chose to keep two lancer units, one culverin and a unit of landsknecht pike off the table at the start whilst I held two hussar units and a unit of crossbowmen in reserve.

Maximilian I and his mercenaries

Maximilian with his cavalry and guns

1 Unit of Gendarmes (Maximilian I "King of the Romans" - Retinue Leader)
2 Units of Men at Arms
2 Units of Mounted Crossbowmen
2 Units of Lancers
2 Culverins 

The landsknecht and reisläufer infantry

1 Unit of Foot Knights (Retinue Leader)
1 Unit of Swiss Halberdiers
2 Units of Landsknecht Pike
2 Units of Swiss Pike
2 Units of Landsknecht/ Swiss Shot

The Hungarian Defenders of Stuhlweißenburg

The Cavalry and guns

1 Unit of Men at Arms (Retinue Leader)
2 Units of Hussars
2 Units of Hungarian Horse Archers
1 Unit of Balkan Horse
2 Culverins 

The Garrison Infantry

1 Unit of Foot Knights (Garrison Captain - Retinue Leader)
4 Units of Pavise Infantry with arquebusiers
1 Unit of Halberdiers
2 Units of Crossbowmen
1 Unit of Pike

As always a brief write up follows but the captions under the photos are also a good way to follow the action.

As the trumpets and drums sound Maximilian's forces advance on Stuhlweißenburg. 

Landsknecht and reisläufer race for the walls of Székesfehérvár, the "White Castle". 

The fighting begins as German men at arms drive off Hungarian skirmishers.

A view of the assault along the walls. The Hungarian light cavalry are attempting to disrupt the attack.

Maximilian I and his personal guard hold back but his mounted forces are being drawn into an escalating fight with the Hungarian cavalry.

The Captain of the Hungarian cavalry is successful in defeating some of the German men at arms.

Hungarian reinforcements arrive in the form of fearsome hussar units.

At the other end of the field Maximilian's mercenary infantry are nearly at the walls.

The Hungarian garrison prepare for the assault.

There is momentary panic amongst Maximilian's army as a group of hussars attempt to bring down the Habsburg prince.

As Maximilian's army advanced into the smouldering suburbs of Stuhlweißenburg with drums beating and banners flying it was clear that the city's garrison were not going to give in without a fight. The main gates were defended by a force of infantry whilst Hungarian cavalry were awaiting the attackers outside the walls. Seeing the "King of the Romans" at the head of his army the Hungarian horse moved towards him engaging with the German men at arms and mounted crossbowmen that formed part of Maximilian's retinue.

As the cavalry skirmish developed both sides threw more weight into the fight with hussars arriving for the Hungarians and lancers riding to support Maximilian. The Habsburg prince charged into a unit of hussars and pushed them back before then engaging in a personal combat with the captain of the garrison's cavalry. For a moment it looked like the game could be up for Maximilian as he fought off the rival man at arms in an inconclusive duel before then being attacked by yet another unit of hussars. Armoured horsemen fell or were unhorsed all around Maximilian, his own unit being halved in strength, but he was able to ride out the storm and push the Hungarian cavalry back. The garrison's attempt to achieve an early victory by bringing down Maximilian had been thwarted.

  

For a moment Maximilian engages in a personal clash with the captain of the Hungarian cavalry but neither of them can defeat the other.

The threat to Maximilian persists as another unit of hussars takes him on. Though half of his mounted knights have been slain his lancers and mounted crossbowmen come the rescue and the Hungarian horse are defeated.

At the walls the scaling ladders are placed...

...and the storming of Stuhlweißenburg begins!

A unit of landsknecht arquebusiers make it over the walls with no casualties...

...they are followed by reisläufer who loose a few of their number as they fight their way up the ladders and into the city.

Fighting erupts in the streets but the city's garrison stop the first attack.

The mercenary infantry of Maximilian's army are still keen on plundering Stuhlweißenburg and they surround the infantry guarding the gate... 

...some of the Hungarian infantry at the gate are slain by the reisläufer forcing the others to retreat back into the city. As the gates close Maximilian's troops roll up a gun to break them down. 

The gates are shot down and the reisläufer storm the city in a second wave of attacks.

As the cavalry fight subsided the first units of the mercenary landsknecht and reisläufer made it to the walls Stuhlweißenburg. Scaling ladders went up and landsknecht pikemen and arquebusiers scaled the walls, accompanied by reisläufer halberdiers. There were individual clashes along the parapet but the defenders on the walls were overwhelmed and Maximilian's men broke into the city. Thinking they could immediately fall to looting the mercenaries were met with a shock as arquebusiers from the garrison gunned them down at close range and halberdiers hacked slew them in the streets.

Having lost some units over the walls the determined attackers now turned their attention to the main gate. Reisläufer pike and shot defeated some of the infantry outside the walls and forced the remaining troops back through the gate. Maximilian's men then brought up a field gun which made short work of the wooden gates. As the reisläufer pike forced their way through the splintered and shattered gates a second storming of the walls began with yet more landsknecht and reisläufer pouring into the city at various points.

The fighting was now fierce. Maximilian's landsknecht captain suffered particularly badly with his unit taking heavy casualties as they attempted an escalade. Those that made it into Stuhlweißenburg were subjected to volleys of shot before being pushed back by pikes and halberds. The city's garrison took casualties but they were able to fight off the attack and prevent the city from being looted. Still outside the walls, and protected by his guns and mounted crossbowmen, Maximilian could see that he would be unable to storm the city and withdrew for the day. The walls of the "White Castle" had been stormed but the garrison had fought the Habsburgs off for now and the day ended in a stalemate. 

Again there is a substantial garrison still ready for the attack...

...and fierce fighting takes place within the city.

The garrison captain battles with landsknecht as they push over the walls.

A view of the city as Maximilian's mercenaries pour in.

The landsknecht suffer devastating volleys of shot from the arquebusiers in the city.

There is chaos inside the gates but the garrison are able to hold back the attack, killing the captain of the landsknecht in the process.

Outside the walls and protected by his guns and crossbowmen Maximilian calls a halt to the attack. Both sides have failed in their objectives and the result is a hard fought stalemate.

This was a really interesting game that played out in three distinct phases. In the first phase the Hungarian horse attempted to kill Maximilian outside the walls. This was an exciting start to the game and at moments, especially during the duel with the Hungarian cavalry captain, it looked as if Maximilian would be killed and I would win a quick victory! The attack failed and the Hungarian cavalry were a spent force for the rest of the game. The second two phases were the two waves of attack over and through the walls by Maximilian's infantry. Again these were exciting moments where the success of the mercenary infantry hinged on some key dice rolls. If the landsknecht captain and his foot knight unit had got into the city unharmed they would have caused chaos but instead the unit took five casualties crossing the walls which really weakened the overall attack.

The game ended in a draw with neither of us being able to achieve our objectives but we enjoyed the mechanics for the gate and storming the walls and will try them again. Perhaps an assault using similar rules but giving the attacking force a larger army is the way to go. Alternatively we may play a game where we each control half of the attacking force and race against each other, fighting a pre programmed force of defenders, to reach certain objectives. As is often the case this scenario has given us ideas for more siege games which we will try in the future.